비둘기의 헤르페스(허피즈) 바이러스에 대한 이해

Understanding Herpes Virus in Pigeons

http://www.epah.net/birds/Herpesvirus.html

Dave Rupiper DVM

Kenneth T. Briggs DVM, PhD

전염성 카타르로 알려진 허피스 바이러스는 비둘기의 호흡기 및 신경계 질병을 유발하는 전염성이며, 잠복기가 긴 바이러스이다.

... 다행스럽게도, 허피스에 의한 감염은 그들 본래의 숙주에 대하여 특정적이다. 따라서 우리가 그들 감염시키거나 비둘기의 허피스에 우리가 감염되지 않는다.

Herpes virus, also known as Infectious Catarrh, is a contagious, persistent virus causing respiratory and neurologic disease in pigeons. In its breadth of clinical signs, occasional virulence and persistence in carrier birds, Herpes infections of pigeons somewhat resembles diseases caused by similar Herpes species in other domestic animals. (Fortunately, Herpes infections are very specific to their natural hosts -- we can't infect our birds with our varieties, nor can we contract the pigeon forms!) Birds having Herpes infections are often concurrently infected with Mycoplasma, Chlamydia (Psittacosis/Ornithosis) and bacteria.1 As a result, signs of disease may not always be straightforward. Herpes virus was first identified in pigeons in the U.S. in 1945 and in other countries during the next 40 years.2 Multiple types of Herpes virus affect other species such as raptors, waterfowl, psittacines and poultry.2,3

비둘기의 허피즈 바이러스는 2-3 종의 다른 형태일 수 있으며,  가장 흔한 형태인 PHV 바이러스는 비둘기에게 가벼운 호흡기 및 간 질환을 유발할 수도 있다.

Herpes virus in pigeons may be of two or three different forms. The most common form, Pigeon Herpes Virus (PHV), may cause mild respiratory and liver diseases. Two strains of PHV have been isolated, mild and severe PHV.4

PHEV라는 허피스 바이러는 마비나 목이 뒤틀림 및 다른 신경질환을 야기할 수도 있다.

The second form, Pigeon Herpes Encephalomyelitis Virus (PHEV), may cause paralysis, torticollis (twisted necks and rolling) and other neurologic signs without causing respiratory signs, making it difficult to distinguish between PHEV and Paramyxovirus. Fortunately, PHEV has not been reported to be a significant problem in the U.S. but may be observed in birds imported from the Middle East.

또 다른 형태의 허피스 바이러스는 배설강(cloaca) 과 배출구(vent)의 감염에 영향을 미칠 수 있다.

The third reported form of PHV causes inflammation of the cloaca and vent but the distinctiveness of this form has not been confirmed.2

비둘기의 허피즈 바이러스는 Herpeviridae라고 알려진 DNA 바이러스 군에 속하며, 이 바이러스 군에는 가금류의 Marek 병, 오리 역병 (Duck Plague), psittacine Pacheco 병 및 닭의 전염성 목기관지염 (Laryngotracheitis) 등을 일으킨다. 대개 감염된 어른 조류로 새끼(squabs)에게 전염되며, 침, 똥 및 소변뿐만 아니라, 코의 분비물(Nasal discharge)에 의해 전염된다.

Etiology (Cause) and Transmission: Herpes virus belongs to a group of DNA viruses known as the Herpeviridae which includes the viruses which cause Marek's Disease of poultry, Duck Plague, psittacine Pacheco's disease, and Infectious Laryngotracheitis of chickens.5 PHV is usually passed from affected adults to squabs during feeding. It can be transmitted by nasal discharge as well as in saliva, feces and urine. In most flocks, PHV is already present but birds only manifest signs if the strain is severe, as with PHEV, or the birds are stressed by management problems and concurrent diseases.

Signs: PHV causes upper respiratory signs. These include reddening of the eye, cere and lids, nasal discharges, graying and filming of the mouth and oral cavity, and occasionally open-mouthed breathing. These respiratory signs and discharges are referred to as "catarrh." Other symptoms include fluffed posture, depression, diarrhea, weakness during flight and anorexia.

PHEV causes neurological signs such as paresis ( muscle weakness), paralysis, circling, seizures and twisted necks. PHEV is also much more severe than PHV and may result in rapid and high mortality within a loft.

Diagnosis: The classic diphtheritic (filmy slime in the mouth) upper respiratory signs are fairly diagnostic for PHV but may be confused with the "Ornithose Complex" involving concurrent infections of Mycoplasma and Chlamydia. Diagnosis is most easily achieved via necropsy (autopsy) of an affected bird. Special staining of the spleen and liver allows a pathologist to identify special inclusions within the cells which are called "intranuclear inclusion bodies" or "INI bodies." The liver and spleen often have tissues damaged with PHV.

치료: 확실한 치료법이 없으며, 향상된 관리환경을 통해서만 질병의 조절이 가능하다.

Treatment: There is no cure for the disease and only through improved management can we hope to achieve control.6 Treatment with a drug called acyclovir may help control severe signs but the disease often returns if the medication is discontinued. It is best to allow Herpes virus to run its course and let the birds develop a natural immunity. Passive immunity (antibodies are transferred from parents to squabs in "crop milk") protects the young until weaned. Isolation of obviously affected birds is recommended since they are often infected with other contagious diseases as well.

예방: 살상 및 살아있는 바이러스 백신들이 조성되어 있지만, 단지 이들 백신들은 바이러스가 감염된 새로부터 확산되는 것을 막아 줄뿐이다.

Prevention: Killed and live virus vaccines have been formulated, but these only prevent shedding and dissemination of the virus from affected birds. Vaccines do not prevent pigeons from being carriers of Herpes virus.2,5 Natural infection of mild strains with subsequent immunity is still the best method to protect a flock from virulent strains of PHV.2

Like so many diseases of our birds, prevention and treatment often depend on cleanliness, good husbandry, good nutrition and preventing overcrowding. The days of keeping six inches of dry litter on the loft floor to prevent disease are gone, just as using NFZ to control canker and Paratyphoid is obsolete. Intense competition at shows, performance flying of young birds and increased production of squabs are placing more demands on the fancier in order to still be competitive. The key to success is educating ourselves about the disease process and by progressive management of our lofts.

References

1. Schrag L: Healthy Pigeons, 6th English Revised Ed, Hengersberg, W Germany, Schober Verlags-GmbH, 1989, pp 48-53.

2. Tudor DC: Pigeon Health and Disease, Ames, IA, IA St Univ Press, 1991, pp 34-38.

3. Fraser CM (Ed): Part VI, Diseases of Poultry. in Merck Veterinary Manual 6th Ed, Rahway, NJ, Merck & Co., Inc., 1986, p 1272.

4. Kaleta EF: A Selection of Disease Syndromes in Pigeons. Proc 1st Conf European Comm AAV, 1991, pp 77-81.

5. Dorrestein GM: Viral Infections in Racing Pigeons. Proc AAV, 1991, pp 244- 257.

6. Marshall R: Management of Pigeon Diseases. Proc AAV, 1990, pp 122-135.